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Counts to observations

Counts to observations#

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
pd.set_option('mode.copy_on_write', True)

We often find ourselves with a counts table like this:

# The counts table from the Fisher's Tea page.
fishers_counts = pd.DataFrame(
    data=[[4, 0], [0, 4]],
    columns=pd.Index(['no', 'yes'], name='says milk first'),
    index=pd.Index(['no', 'yes'], name='milk_first'))
fishers_counts
says milk first no yes
milk_first
no 4 0
yes 0 4

Call this a counts table.

If we want to make inferences from this table, we may well want to reconstruct the observation to which this corresponds.

Think of the counts table as the result of doing a crosstabulation on the observations table. We have the counts table - can we reconstruct the observations table.

The counts table says that:

  • There were 4 ‘no’, ‘no’ observations;

  • There were 0 ‘no’, ‘yes’ observations;

  • There were 0 ‘yes’, ‘no’ observations;

  • There were 4 ‘yes’, ‘yes’ observations;

We can rebuild this by hand using np.repeat. Let’s make an observations data frame that corresponds just to the observations making up the top left count (‘no’, ‘no’)

n = fishers_counts.loc['no', 'no']
no_no_obs = pd.DataFrame()  # An empty data frame
no_no_obs['milk_first'] = np.repeat(['no'], n)
no_no_obs['says_milk_first'] = np.repeat(['no'], n)
no_no_obs
milk_first says_milk_first
0 no no
1 no no
2 no no
3 no no

Then we can do the same for the top right count:

n = fishers_counts.loc['no', 'yes']
no_yes_obs = pd.DataFrame()  # An empty data frame
no_yes_obs['milk_first'] = np.repeat(['no'], n)
no_yes_obs['says_milk_first'] = np.repeat(['yes'], n)
no_yes_obs
milk_first says_milk_first

Aha - in our case, there were no observations corresponding to no, yes

n

0

Let’s generalize this process by going through all the column labels and all the row labels.

row_labels = list(fishers_counts.index)
row_labels

['no', 'yes']

col_labels = list(fishers_counts.columns)
col_labels
# We would get the same result from just list(fishers_counts)

['no', 'yes']

We need labels for our observation columns.

In our case, with our nicely labeled count table, we could get these from the index and column object names, like this:

actual_obs_col_names = [
    fishers_counts.index.name,
    fishers_counts.columns.name
]
actual_obs_col_names

['milk_first', 'says milk first']

However, soon, we will be working with counts tables that aren’t so comprehensively named, and may well lack names for the row label index, and for the column label index. Instead, let’s use some default labels to indicate that the values in the first column of the observation table come from the row labels of the counts table, and the values in the second column come from the column labels:

obs_col_names = ['label_from_row', 'label_from_col']
r_col, c_col = obs_col_names

We can rewrite compiling our first set of observations like this:

# The first set of observations (top-left):
row_label = row_labels[0]  # Get first row label.
col_label = col_labels[0]  # Get first column label.
n = fishers_counts.loc[row_label, col_label]
these_obs = pd.DataFrame()  # An empty data frame
these_obs[r_col] = np.repeat([row_label], n)
these_obs[c_col] = np.repeat([col_label], n)
these_obs
label_from_row label_from_col
0 no no
1 no no
2 no no
3 no no 
# The second set of observations (top-right):
row_label = row_labels[0]  # Get first row label.
col_label = col_labels[1]  # Get second column label.
n = fishers_counts.loc[row_label, col_label]
these_obs = pd.DataFrame()  # An empty data frame
these_obs[r_col] = np.repeat([row_label], n)
these_obs[c_col] = np.repeat([col_label], n)
these_obs
label_from_row label_from_col

And we can generalize further to make all the corresponding observation rows, using for loops:

obs_rows = []  # List to collect observation rows.
for row_label in row_labels:
    for col_label in col_labels:
        n = fishers_counts.loc[row_label, col_label]
        these_obs = pd.DataFrame()  # An empty data frame
        these_obs[r_col] = np.repeat([row_label], n)
        these_obs[c_col] = np.repeat([col_label], n)
        obs_rows.append(these_obs)
len(obs_rows)

4

We can use pd.concat to stack these rows together, compiling the observations table:

obs_table = pd.concat(obs_rows, axis=0)
obs_table
label_from_row label_from_col
0 no no
1 no no
2 no no
3 no no
0 yes yes
1 yes yes
2 yes yes
3 yes yes

Notice the observation table still has the original row labels from the constituent list of observation rows - and these are rather confusing. We reset with reset_index:

obs_table = obs_table.reset_index(drop=True)
obs_table
label_from_row label_from_col
0 no no
1 no no
2 no no
3 no no
4 yes yes
5 yes yes
6 yes yes
7 yes yes

We can generalize this even further, by putting all this into a function:

def counts2obs(counts_tab,
               obs_cols=None):
    if obs_cols is None:
        obs_cols = ['label_from_row', 'label_from_col']
    r_col, c_col = obs_cols
    obs_rows = []  # List to collect observation rows.
    for row_label in row_labels:
        for col_label in col_labels:
            n = counts_tab.loc[row_label, col_label]
            these_obs = pd.DataFrame()  # An empty data frame
            these_obs[r_col] = np.repeat([row_label], n)
            these_obs[c_col] = np.repeat([col_label], n)
            obs_rows.append(these_obs)
    return pd.concat(obs_rows, axis=0).reset_index(drop=True)

counts2obs(fishers_counts)
label_from_row label_from_col
0 no no
1 no no
2 no no
3 no no
4 yes yes
5 yes yes
6 yes yes
7 yes yes 
obs = counts2obs(fishers_counts, ['milk_first', 'says_milk_first'])
obs
milk_first says_milk_first
0 no no
1 no no
2 no no
3 no no
4 yes yes
5 yes yes
6 yes yes
7 yes yes

We check we get the original table back from pd.crosstab:

pd.crosstab(obs['milk_first'], obs['says_milk_first'])
says_milk_first no yes
milk_first
no 4 0
yes 0 4